This note goes over some changes in who and what have been cited over time in philosophy journals. As noted in a previous post, I’m looking at citations between one hundred philosophy journals. That post has lists of which journals I’m looking at, when they started being indexed, and some notes on the methodology.
The focus here is on who and what were most cited in every decade, and from every decade. So for every decade from the 1970s to 2020s, I look at all the papers and all the authors from that decade, and then looking at every decade from that time to the present (excluding 1970s to itself, where the data is sparse), I look at (a) which were the 20 most cited papers, and (b) which were the 20 most cited authors. Without further ado…
1 1970s
| Rank | Article |
|---|---|
| 1 | Frankfurt (1971) |
| 2 | Perry (1979) |
| 3 | Kripke (1975) |
| 4 | Goldman (1976) |
| 5 | Lewis (1973) |
| 5 | Daniels (1979) |
| 7 | Nagel (1974) |
| 7 | Lewis (1979b) |
| 9 | Field (1972) |
| 9 | Kim (1978) |
| 11 | Lewis (1976b) |
| 12 | Lewis (1979a) |
| 13 | Benacerraf (1973) |
| 13 | Dennett (1971) |
| 15 | Perry (1977) |
| 16 | Thomson (1971) |
| 16 | Cartwright (1979) |
| 18 | van Fraassen (1973) |
| 18 | Putnam (1973) |
| 18 | Kim (1973) |
| 18 | Burge (1977) |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Frankfurt (1971) | = |
| 2 | Nagel (1974) | ▲5 |
| 3 | Perry (1979) | ▼1 |
| 4 | Cummins (1975) | New |
| 5 | Lewis (1973) | = |
| 5 | Kripke (1975) | ▼2 |
| 7 | Goldman (1976) | ▼3 |
| 8 | Lewis (1979c) | New |
| 9 | Perry (1977) | ▲6 |
| 10 | M. Friedman (1974) | New |
| 11 | McDowell (1979) | New |
| 12 | Dretske (1977) | New |
| 13 | Benacerraf (1973) | = |
| 13 | Wright (1973) | New |
| 15 | Hull (1978) | New |
| 15 | Lewis (1979b) | ▼8 |
| 17 | Lewis (1979a) | ▼5 |
| 18 | Lewis (1976b) | ▼7 |
| 19 | Grandy (1973) | New |
| 19 | Stocker (1976) | New |
| 19 | Kim (1978) | ▼10 |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nagel (1974) | ▲1 |
| 2 | Frankfurt (1971) | ▼1 |
| 3 | Kripke (1975) | ▲2 |
| 3 | Lewis (1979c) | ▲5 |
| 5 | Dretske (1970) | New |
| 5 | Cummins (1975) | ▼1 |
| 7 | Lewis (1979b) | ▲8 |
| 8 | Perry (1979) | ▼5 |
| 9 | Goldman (1976) | ▼2 |
| 10 | Lewis (1973) | ▼5 |
| 11 | Lewis (1979a) | ▲6 |
| 12 | McDowell (1979) | ▼1 |
| 13 | Lewis (1970) | New |
| 13 | Singer (1972) | New |
| 15 | M. Friedman (1974) | ▼5 |
| 16 | Watson (1975) | New |
| 17 | Lewis (1976b) | ▲1 |
| 18 | Benacerraf (1973) | ▼5 |
| 19 | Thomson (1971) | New |
| 19 | Gibbard (1975) | New |
| 19 | Dretske (1977) | ▼7 |
| 19 | Tooley (1977) | New |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nagel (1974) | = |
| 2 | Frankfurt (1971) | = |
| 2 | Singer (1972) | ▲11 |
| 4 | Lewis (1973) | ▲6 |
| 5 | Lewis (1979a) | ▲6 |
| 6 | Perry (1979) | ▲2 |
| 7 | Kripke (1975) | ▼4 |
| 8 | Goldman (1976) | ▲1 |
| 9 | Lewis (1979c) | ▼6 |
| 9 | Lewis (1979b) | ▼2 |
| 11 | Dretske (1970) | ▼6 |
| 12 | Cummins (1975) | ▼7 |
| 13 | Benacerraf (1973) | ▲5 |
| 14 | M. Friedman (1974) | ▲1 |
| 15 | Darwall (1977) | New |
| 16 | Watson (1975) | = |
| 17 | Lewis (1970) | ▼4 |
| 17 | Thomson (1971) | ▲2 |
| 19 | Priest (1979) | New |
| 20 | McDowell (1979) | ▼8 |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nagel (1974) | = |
| 2 | Lewis (1979c) | ▲7 |
| 3 | Singer (1972) | ▼1 |
| 4 | Lewis (1979a) | ▲1 |
| 5 | Kripke (1975) | ▲2 |
| 6 | Lewis (1973) | ▼2 |
| 7 | Goldman (1976) | ▲1 |
| 8 | Lewis (1979b) | ▲1 |
| 9 | Frankfurt (1971) | ▼7 |
| 10 | Priest (1979) | ▲9 |
| 11 | Darwall (1977) | ▲4 |
| 12 | Lewis (1976b) | New |
| 12 | Perry (1979) | ▼6 |
| 14 | Cummins (1975) | ▼2 |
| 15 | Dretske (1970) | ▼4 |
| 16 | Lewis (1976a) | New |
| 17 | Lewis (1970) | = |
| 18 | Thomson (1971) | ▼1 |
| 19 | Benacerraf (1973) | ▼6 |
| 20 | M. Friedman (1974) | ▼6 |
| 20 | Lewis (1978) | New |
The general picture here is largely stability. The biggest change is in which Lewis articles get cited at different times. There are fewer citations to Frankfurt (1971) over time. But if I decided that the 1970s started in 1969, so Frankfurt (1969) was there, we’d see a similar pattern to Lewis; the citations to the philosopher stay stable while the citations to individual articles vary.
2 1980s
| Rank | Article |
|---|---|
| 1 | Rawls (1980) |
| 2 | P. M. Churchland (1981) |
| 3 | Barwise and Cooper (1981) |
| 4 | Lewis (1981) |
| 5 | Rawls (1985) |
| 6 | Lewis (1983) |
| 7 | Laudan (1981) |
| 8 | Marcus (1980) |
| 9 | Jackson (1982) |
| 9 | Gupta (1982) |
| 11 | Daniels (1980) |
| 12 | Burge (1986) |
| 12 | Baier (1986) |
| 12 | Railton (1986) |
| 15 | Kornblith (1983) |
| 15 | Eells and Sober (1983) |
| 17 | P. S. Churchland (1980) |
| 17 | Putnam (1980) |
| 19 | Kim (1984) |
| 20 | Dworkin (1981) |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kim (1984) | ▲18 |
| 2 | Burge (1986) | ▲10 |
| 3 | Lewis (1983) | ▲3 |
| 4 | Jackson (1982) | ▲5 |
| 5 | P. M. Churchland (1981) | ▼3 |
| 6 | Railton (1986) | ▲6 |
| 7 | Barwise and Cooper (1981) | ▼4 |
| 8 | Dworkin (1981) | ▲12 |
| 8 | Rawls (1985) | ▼3 |
| 10 | Millikan (1989b) | New |
| 11 | Millikan (1989a) | New |
| 12 | Jackson and Pettit (1988) | New |
| 12 | Burge (1988) | New |
| 14 | Rawls (1980) | ▼13 |
| 15 | Crimmins and Perry (1989) | New |
| 16 | van Fraassen (1984) | New |
| 17 | Kitcher (1981) | New |
| 17 | Wolf (1982) | New |
| 17 | G. A. Cohen (1989) | New |
| 20 | Laudan (1981) | ▼13 |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jackson (1982) | ▲3 |
| 2 | Lewis (1983) | ▲1 |
| 3 | G. A. Cohen (1989) | ▲14 |
| 4 | Burge (1988) | ▲8 |
| 5 | Alchourrón, Gärdenfors, and Makinson (1985) | New |
| 6 | Levine (1983) | New |
| 7 | P. M. Churchland (1981) | ▼2 |
| 8 | Railton (1986) | ▼2 |
| 9 | Laudan (1981) | ▲11 |
| 9 | Boolos (1984) | New |
| 11 | Dworkin (1981) | ▼3 |
| 12 | Kitcher (1981) | ▲5 |
| 13 | Arneson (1989) | New |
| 14 | Burge (1986) | ▼12 |
| 15 | Barwise and Cooper (1981) | ▼8 |
| 15 | Boghossian and Velleman (1989) | New |
| 17 | Rawls (1980) | ▼3 |
| 17 | van Fraassen (1984) | ▼1 |
| 19 | Lewis (1984) | New |
| 20 | Rosenthal (1986) | New |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lewis (1983) | ▲1 |
| 2 | Jackson (1982) | ▼1 |
| 3 | Alchourrón, Gärdenfors, and Makinson (1985) | ▲2 |
| 4 | Laudan (1981) | ▲5 |
| 5 | G. A. Cohen (1989) | ▼2 |
| 6 | Kitcher (1981) | ▲6 |
| 7 | Levine (1983) | ▼1 |
| 8 | Lewis (1984) | ▲11 |
| 9 | Railton (1986) | ▼1 |
| 10 | Feldman and Conee (1985) | New |
| 11 | van Fraassen (1984) | ▲6 |
| 12 | P. M. Churchland (1981) | ▼5 |
| 13 | S. Cohen (1984) | New |
| 14 | Railton (1984) | New |
| 14 | Korsgaard (1986) | New |
| 16 | Kavka (1983) | New |
| 16 | Boolos (1984) | ▼7 |
| 18 | McMullin (1985) | New |
| 19 | Millikan (1989b) | New |
| 20 | Barwise and Cooper (1981) | ▼5 |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lewis (1983) | = |
| 2 | Jackson (1982) | = |
| 3 | Baier (1986) | New |
| 4 | Lewis (1984) | ▲4 |
| 5 | Railton (1984) | ▲9 |
| 6 | Kitcher (1981) | = |
| 7 | Laudan (1981) | ▼3 |
| 8 | Millikan (1989a) | New |
| 9 | Lewis (1981) | New |
| 10 | Alchourrón, Gärdenfors, and Makinson (1985) | ▼7 |
| 10 | Hardwig (1985) | New |
| 10 | Feldman and Conee (1985) | = |
| 13 | Boolos (1984) | ▲3 |
| 14 | P. M. Churchland (1981) | ▼2 |
| 14 | McGee (1985) | New |
| 14 | Bogen and Woodward (1988) | New |
| 17 | G. A. Cohen (1989) | ▼12 |
| 18 | van Fraassen (1984) | ▼7 |
| 18 | Railton (1986) | ▼9 |
| 20 | Millikan (1989b) | ▼1 |
Here there is a massive amount of change over time, and the contrast to the 1970s is striking. It’s unsurprising that there are changes between the first and second columns here. Articles published in the second half of the 1980s are not going to have a huge number of citations in the 1980s. But the changes keep happening, and are rather dramatic.
It’s interesting too to note that there are more citations to women in the 2020s, even holding fixed the library of articles that are available to be cited. I think the drop for Korsgaard citations is just because she has more recent work that people are more likely to cite.
3 1990s
| Rank | Article |
|---|---|
| 1 | Neander (1991a) |
| 2 | Yablo (1992) |
| 3 | Davidson (1990) |
| 4 | Dreyfus and Spinosa (1999) |
| 5 | Chomsky (1995) |
| 6 | Crane and Mellor (1990) |
| 7 | Zimmerman (1995) |
| 8 | Dennett (1991) |
| 9 | Kitcher (1992) |
| 10 | Falvey and Owens (1994) |
| 10 | Burke (1994) |
| 10 | Putnam (1994) |
| 13 | Fodor (1991) |
| 14 | Schiffer (1992) |
| 14 | Neander (1995) |
| 16 | Salmon (1994) |
| 16 | Forster and Sober (1994) |
| 16 | Lewis (1994) |
| 19 | Cappelen and Lepore (1997) |
| 20 | Neander (1991b) |
| 20 | Lewis (1996) |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lewis (1996) | ▲19 |
| 2 | DeRose (1995) | New |
| 3 | Burge (1993) | New |
| 4 | Yablo (1992) | ▼2 |
| 5 | Anderson (1999) | New |
| 6 | Johnston (1992) | New |
| 7 | Clark and Chalmers (1998) | New |
| 7 | DeRose (1992) | New |
| 7 | C. B. Martin (1994) | New |
| 7 | Lewis (1994) | ▲9 |
| 11 | Block and Stalnaker (1999) | New |
| 12 | Lewis (1997) | New |
| 13 | Davidson (1990) | ▼10 |
| 14 | Neander (1991a) | ▼13 |
| 15 | Field (1994) | New |
| 16 | Langton and Lewis (1998) | New |
| 16 | Kim (1999) | New |
| 16 | Kim (1992) | New |
| 19 | Edgington (1995) | New |
| 20 | Dennett (1991) | ▼12 |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Clark and Chalmers (1998) | ▲6 |
| 2 | Lewis (1996) | ▼1 |
| 3 | Anderson (1999) | ▲2 |
| 4 | Lewis (1994) | ▲3 |
| 5 | Joyce (1998) | New |
| 5 | Johnston (1992) | ▲1 |
| 5 | DeRose (1995) | ▼3 |
| 8 | Burge (1993) | ▼5 |
| 9 | Yablo (1992) | ▼5 |
| 10 | DeRose (1992) | ▼3 |
| 11 | Lewis (1997) | ▲1 |
| 12 | Broome (1999) | New |
| 13 | Edgington (1995) | ▲6 |
| 14 | C. B. Martin (1994) | ▼7 |
| 15 | Jackson (1991) | New |
| 16 | Ladyman (1998) | New |
| 17 | Kitcher (1990) | New |
| 17 | Veltman (1996) | New |
| 19 | Neander (1991a) | ▼5 |
| 20 | Block and Stalnaker (1999) | ▼9 |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Clark and Chalmers (1998) | = |
| 2 | Lewis (1996) | = |
| 3 | Anderson (1999) | = |
| 4 | Joyce (1998) | ▲1 |
| 5 | Lewis (1994) | ▼1 |
| 6 | Yablo (1992) | ▲3 |
| 7 | DeRose (1992) | ▲3 |
| 8 | Dennett (1991) | New |
| 9 | Kitcher (1990) | ▲8 |
| 10 | Williamson (1996) | New |
| 11 | Boyd (1991) | New |
| 11 | Edgington (1995) | ▲2 |
| 13 | Langton (1993) | New |
| 13 | Burge (1993) | ▼5 |
| 15 | Yablo (1993) | New |
| 16 | Veltman (1996) | ▲1 |
| 17 | Johnston (1992) | ▼12 |
| 17 | Jones (1996) | New |
| 19 | DeRose (1995) | ▼14 |
| 19 | Lewis (1997) | ▼8 |
The difference between the left two columns here is more striking, because the articles from the early 1990s faded from view so quickly. On the left of Table 6 we see a table that doesn’t have David Lewis at the top of it. This is only a survey of articles, so Parts of Classes isn’t included. Lewis’s articles from the early 1990s didn’t get cited very much, by Lewis’s standards. By the time normal service was resumed with “Elusive Knowledge”, there wasn’t enough left in the decade to make up.
Because so many of Williamson’s articles were (more-or-less) included in Knowledge and Its Limits, Williamson’s 1990s articles don’t show up here as being quite as influential as they really were. A fun research project would be go through the citations to Knowledge and Its Limits, and work out which citations are to which article, and see how tables like these look after having done that.
4 2000s
| Rank | Article |
|---|---|
| 1 | Machamer, Darden, and Craver (2000) |
| 2 | Stanley and Szabó (2000) |
| 3 | Lewis (2000) |
| 4 | Chalmers and Jackson (2001) |
| 5 | Stanley (2000) |
| 6 | Byrne (2001) |
| 7 | DeRose (2003) |
| 8 | Stanley and Williamson (2001) |
| 9 | Pryor (2000) |
| 10 | Rabinowicz and Rønnow‐Rasmussen (2004) |
| 11 | Knobe (2003) |
| 12 | Pitt (2004) |
| 13 | Matthen and Ariew (2002) |
| 13 | Lasersohn (2005) |
| 15 | Peacocke (2001) |
| 16 | Glennan (2002) |
| 17 | Elga (2007) |
| 18 | M. G. F. Martin (2002) |
| 18 | DeRose (2005) |
| 20 | Fitelson (2003) |
| 20 | Nichols and Ulatowski (2007) |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Machamer, Darden, and Craver (2000) | = |
| 2 | Pryor (2000) | ▲7 |
| 3 | Street (2006) | New |
| 4 | Elga (2007) | ▲13 |
| 5 | Christensen (2007) | New |
| 6 | Hawthorne and Stanley (2008) | New |
| 7 | Kolodny (2005) | New |
| 8 | Stanley and Williamson (2001) | = |
| 9 | Gendler (2008) | New |
| 10 | Shah and Velleman (2005) | New |
| 11 | Fantl and McGrath (2002) | New |
| 12 | DeRose (2003) | ▼5 |
| 13 | M. G. F. Martin (2002) | ▲5 |
| 14 | Lackey (2007) | New |
| 15 | Yalcin (2007) | New |
| 16 | S. Cohen (2002) | New |
| 17 | Smith (2005) | New |
| 18 | Travis (2004) | New |
| 18 | Shah (2003) | New |
| 20 | Lewis (2000) | ▼17 |
| 20 | Rabinowicz and Rønnow‐Rasmussen (2004) | ▼10 |
| 20 | Lasersohn (2005) | ▼7 |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Haslanger (2000) | New |
| 2 | Machamer, Darden, and Craver (2000) | ▼1 |
| 3 | Pryor (2000) | ▼1 |
| 3 | Hawthorne and Stanley (2008) | ▲3 |
| 5 | Elga (2007) | ▼1 |
| 6 | Christensen (2007) | ▼1 |
| 7 | Street (2006) | ▼4 |
| 8 | D’Arms and Jacobson (2000) | New |
| 9 | Shah and Velleman (2005) | ▲1 |
| 10 | Goldman (2001) | New |
| 10 | Kolodny (2005) | ▼3 |
| 12 | Stanley and Williamson (2001) | ▼4 |
| 13 | Douglas (2000) | New |
| 14 | M. G. F. Martin (2002) | ▼1 |
| 15 | Stalnaker (2002) | New |
| 16 | Fantl and McGrath (2002) | ▼5 |
| 16 | Yalcin (2007) | ▼1 |
| 18 | Hills (2009) | New |
| 19 | Greaves and Wallace (2006) | New |
| 20 | M. G. F. Martin (2004) | New |
| 20 | Gendler (2008) | ▼11 |
I’m surprised, and a little disappointed, that the lists are still so male. I thought this stage of the story things would be changing.
I’m also surprised, though not disappointed, to see the citation trend for Pryor (2000). I thought this was something that was a big deal as soon as it came out, not a slow-burn paper. But it’s been moving up in relative citations over time.
I’m neither surprised nor disappointed that I’m not on these lists. If the lists continued into top 60s, I’d be on all three, with a high rank of 37 in the 2010s.
Finally, the biggest change we see in the data is the change between the 2010s and 2020s for Haslanger (2000). I think this starts happening around 2018, so still in the 2010s, but I’d have to look more closely at the data to be sure. If you wanted one piece of data to tell you how different philosophy is now to what it was not so long ago, it would be the top right corner of Table 7.
5 2010s
| Rank | Article |
|---|---|
| 1 | Schaffer (2010) |
| 2 | Wilson (2014) |
| 3 | Schaffer (2016) |
| 4 | Pritchard (2012) |
| 5 | Chalmers (2018) |
| 6 | Plunkett and Sundell (2013) |
| 7 | Audi (2012) |
| 8 | Schoenfield (2014) |
| 9 | Skiles (2015) |
| 10 | Kolodny and MacFarlane (2010) |
| 11 | Batterman and Rice (2014) |
| 12 | Christensen (2011) |
| 13 | Dasgupta (2014) |
| 14 | Bennett (2011) |
| 15 | Mandelbaum (2016) |
| 16 | Ross and Schroeder (2014) |
| 16 | Lasonen-Aarnio (2014) |
| 16 | Horowitz (2014) |
| 19 | Macpherson (2012) |
| 20 | deRosset (2013) |
| Rank | Article | Chg |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Schaffer (2010) | = |
| 2 | Schaffer (2016) | ▲1 |
| 3 | Dotson (2011) | New |
| 4 | Plunkett and Sundell (2013) | ▲2 |
| 4 | Wilson (2014) | ▼2 |
| 6 | Audi (2012) | ▲1 |
| 7 | Pritchard (2012) | ▼3 |
| 8 | Skiles (2015) | ▲1 |
| 9 | Christensen (2010) | New |
| 9 | Dasgupta (2014) | ▲4 |
| 11 | Ross and Schroeder (2014) | ▲5 |
| 12 | Pohlhaus (2012) | New |
| 13 | Schoenfield (2014) | ▼5 |
| 14 | Boghossian (2014) | New |
| 14 | Dorr (2016) | New |
| 16 | Hills (2016) | New |
| 17 | Buchak (2014) | New |
| 18 | J. Friedman (2013) | New |
| 18 | Horowitz (2014) | ▼2 |
| 20 | Lasonen-Aarnio (2010) | New |
It’s still very male, isn’t it? And in contrast to earlier decades, it’s notable that we’re back in an environment where the citations to articles bounce around a bit, but the citations to philosophers stay stable. Last pair of tables, these two without comment.
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